Point Reyes National Seashore in California, USA. Picture: Shutterstock
The grandmother of American conservation, Mardy Murie, once called the country’s national parks its “best idea.”
And this year, with foreign travel all but cancelled, some of these celebrated domestic destinations have reached new heights of jampacked popularity – and that, of course, presents challenges during a pandemic.
Despite the breathing room offered by the great outdoors, many of the 419 National Park Service areas have sites that are not conducive to social distancing. Many parks concentrate the public along narrow trails leading to crowded geysers, waterfalls, wildlife-viewing stands or other scenic vistas.
Yet there are notable exceptions. In particular, 13 national seashores and lakeshores offer a completely different experience. While these federally protected coastlines attract millions of visitors each year, the primary attraction is water and uncrowded stretches of sand that invite picnics and water activities with social distancing.
The plan, according to the National Park Service’s administrative history about the seashore surveys of the 1930s, was to protect natural locations for “beachcombing, surf bathing, swimming at protected beaches, surf and sport fishing, bird-watching, nature study, and visits to historic structures”.
First on the roster, in 1937, was Cape Hatteras National Seashore: 110km along North Carolina’s Outer Banks, including three lighthouses (the site wasn’t formally dedicated until 1958).
Prompted by burgeoning development along the coastlines after World War II, Congress added nine more national seashores to the Park Service in 10 states, along with four national lakeshores in three states surrounding the Great Lakes (Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore was recently changed to a national park).
Today these 13 expanses of lake and sea shorelines protect 809,000 acres, abutting thousands of miles of oceans and lakes.
From California to Cape Cod, here are eight of the most scenic seashores and lakeshores in the National Park Service.
On the Cape Cod National Seashore in Massachusetts, the lighthouse known as the Highland Light. Picture: Sarah Murray / The New York Times
On a map, Cape Cod National Seashore, established in 1961, resembles the flexed forearm of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, stretching 60km from its elbow to its fist, a peninsula punching into the Atlantic Ocean.
Half of its 43,000 acres are water. Henry David Thoreau often walked and swam here in the mid-19th century, calling the landscape “so beautifully painted … it was like the richest rug imaginable”.
As one of the most popular seashores, with over four million visitors last year, this seashore has still plenty of room along 15 beaches to spread out and fish, body surf, swim, go for interpretive walks, take four-wheel drives along the beach and hike a dozen trails that lead to forested wetlands and picnic areas.
Beaches are essential ecosystems that support a wide variety of often overlooked plants and animals, from small nematodes (simple worms) to tiny crustaceans and other clam-like invertebrates living between the lower surf and the higher grasses.
You can also observe ospreys, foxes, coyotes and many kinds of wildflowers amid the rolling dunes.
A scene on Assateague Island, Virginia. Picture: Jamie Rose / The New York Times
Immediately south of Ocean City, Maryland, this windswept and pristine island stretches 52km into Virginia, where it adjoins one of the richest birding sanctuaries in the country, Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge.
The island is also famed for a herd of some 150 wild ponies, descendants of the animals shipped over by planters in the 1600s.
Most of the beaches are open to four-wheel driving (with permits), along with biking, hiking, surfing, swimming, kayaking, clamming and fishing. Presently, the visitor centre and backcountry campsites are closed.
Cape Lookout National Seashore, North Carolina. Picture: Getty Images
Directly south of the often-congested Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, the scantly visited, 78km-long Cape Lookout National Seashore bridges three unspoiled barrier islands: North and South Core Banks and Shackleford Banks. Less than half a million people made brief visits last year.
Home to wild horses, nesting loggerhead turtles and countless shorebirds, this undeveloped seashore is accessible only by boat, with no roads or stores. Primitive cabins can be rented on the South Core Banks, while camping is allowed.
Surf-casting is popular, along with hunting, shell collecting, windsurfing, kayaking, motor boating (like most national seashores, areas for personal watercraft are limited), long beach strolls and four-wheel driving on the two Core islands (scheduled ferries transport motor vehicles).
Cumberland Island, Georgia. Picture: Hunter McRae / The New York Times
As the least visited and most isolated national seashore (53,904 people came in 2019), the 30kmlong Cumberland Island, off the Georgia coast, showcases an unusual landowner history. Historic structures, such as the Thomas Carnegie mansion ruins, surround what were once thriving cotton plantations.
The north end of the island, home to an African American community in the 1890s, holds the intact First African Baptist Church, which is still a popular destination.
Today, although there are private property owners living on the island, many of the dunes and surrounding beaches have been reclaimed by nature; nearly one-third of the total 36 000 acres are protected wilderness (Cumberland Island National Seashore was established in 1972).
Along with feral horses, there are rattlesnakes, alligators, more than 300 species of birds and white tail deer. Fishing, boating and camping opportunities abound.
A section of Gulf Islands National Seashore, near Pensacola, Florida. Picture: Getty Images
Largest of all the national seashores at 135 600 acres, with over five million visitors a year, Gulf Islands National Seashore offers plenty of room to go beachcombing and boating across 12 units that are spread from the Gulf shores on the Florida Panhandle to Southern Mississippi.
Eighty percent of the park is water. And the beaches, with their pure white sand, are heralded as among the most beautiful in the world. These crushed quartz shores are likened to spun glass, the grains of which have washed down over thousands of years, from the Appalachian Mountains and into the Gulf.
In addition to sunbathing, swimming or picnicking, you’ll find year-round snorkelling and scuba diving throughout the warm and pellucid waters, along with ample opportunities to camp, hike, bike, ride horses and hunt.
The diversity of wildlife habitats – from dunes to marshes to forests – attracts more than 300 species of birds, along with armadillos, black bears, dolphins and river otters.
Padre Island National Seashore, Texas. Picture: Joel Salcido / The New York Times
Renowned as the largest undeveloped barrier island in the world, the driveable hard sand of Texas’ Padre Island sweeps 110km from Corpus Christi to Brownsville, free of the resorts and homes strung along the mainland several miles west across the Intracoastal Waterway.
One sheltered stretch, Laguna Madre, contains some of the most saline waters in the world. Padre Island is also known as a windsurfing destination, but when the breeze dies, or out among the sheltered dunes, mosquitoes can be fierce.
Although busy on weekends and during college breaks, most visitors drive in four-wheel-drive vehicles at least 8km south from park headquarters until they’ve found the desired isolation.
Last year, more than half a million people visited the park. Along with innumerable activities on beaches colourful with evening primrose, there are several shipwrecks buried offshore.
Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, on Lake Superior in Michigan. Picture: Ellen Creager / Detroit Free Press via AP
Eight kilometres wide and 60km long, Pictured Rocks hugs the brisk waters of Lake Superior on Michigan’s scantily populated Upper Peninsula.
Taking advantage of the park’s lack of entrance fees, more than 800,000 visitors came last year to walk or snowshoe 160km of trails, ice climb, camp, ice fish, picnic, hunt, boat and swim.
The park is named after its spectacular and multihued limestone cliffs, towering directly above the lake for 25km and frothing with waterfalls.
There are also half a dozen beaches easily reached from the road, stretching as long as 20km, along with several more isolated beaches to hike into. The shoreline bristles with hardwood forests that blush in brilliant reds and golds during autumn foliage.
In Point Reyes National Seashore in California, a herd of elephant seals. Picture: John Dell’Osso / Point Reyes National Seashore via AP
As the only national seashore on the West Coast, the spectacular Point Reyes – on the San Andreas Fault – is a short drive north of San Francisco. In 2019, more than two million people visited this 71 000-acre headland.
Home to more than a thousand species of plants and animals, Point Reyes is the most biologically rich and diverse seashore of them all.
With forests sheltering tule elk, pastoral grasslands and tall cliffs overlooking the breakers, visitors can watch migrating grey whales, seals and fluttering colonies of seabirds. An astonishing 480 species of birds have been identified here.
Historically, the park preserves the region’s 150-year-old cattle ranching-legacy, with dairy operations still active today on the treeless plain above the sea. And down below, in 1579, Sir Francis Drake became the first European to land in California, in what is now called Drake’s Cove.
The 110km of shoreline hold a dozen beaches – the most popular destinations for backpacking, surfing, kayaking or simply strolling along the littoral where the vast Pacific beats the shore.
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