The 29-year-old Diouf joins Rennes goalkeeper Abdoulaye Diallo on the sidelines for the September 2 match in Dakar, as well as the return fixture in Ouagadougou three days later.
Senegal are third in Group D with three points from two matches and trail leaders Burkina Faso and second-placed South Africa by one point. Cape Verde are bottom after back-to-back defeats.
Only the group winners will qualify for next year’s finals in Russia.
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