Residents walk on a street as smoke billows in the distance in Khartoum amid ongoing fighting between the forces of two rival generals, on May 15, 2023. (Photo by AFP)
Sudan has for the past month been gripped by intense fighting between the army and rival paramilitaries embroiled in a power struggle 18 months after a military coup derailed the country’s transition to civilian rule.
Hundreds of people have been killed and nearly a million displaced in the war between army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and deputy-turned-rival Mohamed Hamdan Daglo, who commands the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF).
Here are the main developments in the conflict:
On April 15, explosions rock the capital Khartoum. Fighting comes days after the second postponement of the signing of a final deal on returning to civilian rule, due to a disagreement over the integration of the RSF into the regular army.
The paramilitaries and army both accuse each other of attacking first.
The RSF says it controls Khartoum airport, the presidential palace and other key sites. The army, which says it carried out air strikes on RSF bases, insists it is still in charge.
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Fighting also erupts in the western region of Darfur — still reeling from a brutal war that began in 2003 — where three UN World Food Programme employees are killed.
Civilian leaders in Sudan call for an immediate ceasefire, as do the African Union, the United Nations, the United States and Britain, among other countries.
In the days that follow, countries the world over rush to prepare evacuations of their nationals and those of other countries as the fighting escalates.
On April 22, Saudi Arabia becomes the first country to announce the successful evacuation of civilians from the battle-ravaged country.
Thousands of Khartoum residents also flee the fighting along roads lined with corpses and burned-out military vehicles.
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The United States military evacuates US diplomatic personnel from Khartoum. Numerous other countries follow.
Multiple truces are announced but none is respected.
The United States and Saudi Arabia negotiate a 72-hour nationwide ceasefire starting April 25. The paramilitaries and the army repeatedly extend the ceasefire but continue to trade fire, accusing each other of violating it.
On the same day Ahmed Harun, a leading figure in the regime of ousted strongman Omar al-Bashir, and who is charged with crimes against humanity, announces that he has escaped from prison with other former regime members.
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Bashir, who is wanted by the International Criminal Court on genocide charges over the war in Darfur, had already been transferred to hospital before fighting began, the Sudanese army says.
The violence reaches a new peak on April 27 when fighter jets pound the paramilitaries’ positions in Khartoum and Darfur is gripped by fighting and looting.
On May 4, US President Joe Biden says the fighting “must end” and authorises potential new sanctions against those responsible for the bloodshed.
More than 750 fatalities have been reported since battles began, according to the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project.
UN special representative Volker Perthes says armed “fortune seekers” from Mali, Chad and Niger are joining the fight.
US- and Saudi-backed talks between the army and the RSF begin in the Saudi port city of Jeddah but have yet to yield a ceasefire, more than a week later.
On May 11, both sides agree to allow urgently needed humanitarian aid to reach war-struck areas, committing “to ensuring the protection of civilians”.
The UN says on May 12 that the conflict has caused 200,000 people to flee the country, bringing the total number of displaced people to nearly a million.
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