A vigilante sits on the ground with his gun in a village in Kaduna state which was recently attacked by suspected Fulani herdsmen
Another shows men armed with machetes on the rampage.
The issue with both is they have nothing to do with Nigeria or the violence: one is from South Sudan, the other from the Central African Republic.
The conflict in Nigeria looks set to be a key issue in the run-up to next February’s presidential election at which President Muhammadu Buhari is seeking a second term.
How it is reported could be key to the results but the Nigerian Union of Journalists (NUJ) and Buhari’s spokesman, Garba Shehu, are already unhappy.
Shehu said “the frequent expressions of hate speech… (were) a source of concern” and drew comparisons to the incitement to violence before the genocide in Rwanda in 1994.
“Those beating the gongs of war and fanning the embers of discord” should be brought to order, he said in a statement in February.
Parliament is now debating new legislation to criminalise hate speech.
– Outright fabrication –
Buhari’s response to the crisis has by many accounts been tepid, despite the deaths of hundreds of people since the start of this year, mainly in Nigeria’s central states.
Pall bearers carry coffins of people killed in clashes between cattle herders and farmers in Benue state
The so-called Middle Belt, where the predominantly Muslim north meets the largely Christian south, has long been a flashpoint for clashes between the two sides.
But what is primarily a battle for land and water fuelled by climate change and rapid population growth has been seized upon by identity politicians and religious leaders.
In Benue state, where Governor Samuel Ortom banned open grazing for cattle, 73 people from farming communities were killed in one attack in January.
He alleged afterwards there was an orchestrated plot by the nomadic Fulani herders, who are Muslim, to exterminate his people, the Tiv, who are Christian.
The Miyetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria (MACBAN) rejects the claim.
Many media reports of attacks, however, suggest religious differences are a prime motivation.
Social media users and bloggers in particular have been accused of sensationalism and developing the trope about “killer herdsmen” with outright falsehood.
The Kogi state police commissioner Ali Aji Janga told AFP last month that several reports were entirely fabricated or ascribed to Fulani herders when it was general criminality.
One report, in which Fulani herders were said to have killed 10 people in a village, including the local chief and his wife, was “a figment of imagination”, he said.
“The report was not only false, it was mischievous aimed at distorting the peace in the state,” he added.
– ‘Ethnic profiling’ –
Critics of Buhari have said the herders have become emboldened since he came to office three years ago because of his failure to address the underlying issue.
Thousands of people have been killed over several decades but the former military ruler is also a Fulani Muslim and has been accused of not wanting to act against his kinsmen.
Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka has accused the herders of 'declaring war against the nation'
Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka, whose property in southwest Nigeria was overrun with cattle, has even said the herders had “declared war against the nation”.
“Their weapon is undiluted terror,” he wrote in January. “Why have they been permitted to become a menace to the rest of us?”
NUJ president Waheed Odusile said the overall media coverage of the conflict was fair and there were expected differences of opinion.
But he added: “What is disturbing is the ethnic profiling of the conflict. They tend to make the violence look like a north-south, Christian-Muslim problem.”
Describing all herdsmen “as Fulani Muslim is dangerous and can jeopardise the peace and unity of Nigeria”, he added, warning the media “not to heat up the polity by playing up the nation’s faultlines”.
MACBAN for its part has blamed cattle rustlers and foreign criminals for the frequent raids on farming communities.
As elsewhere around the world, Nigerian media organisations, reflect the views of their owners — many of them politicians or the politically well-connected.
But readers increasingly needed to be cautious about what they were being told, according to David Ajikobi, Nigeria director of fact-checking website Africa Check.
“It’s not true that every herdsman is Fulani,” he said, pointing to the involvement of Yoruba and Igbo in cattle herding.
“A blanket categorisation of herders as Fulani is stereotyping the issue and such a tendency should be avoided.”
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