South Africa’s government has found itself under a harsh spotlight from local and international critics following allegations of corruption during its Covid-19 lockdown.

In an article on the scandal, the New York Times quantified the scale of the pandemic in the country.

“Despite its moves to control the pandemic, South Africa is now overwhelmed by more than 592,144 coronavirus cases, the fifth-highest infection rate in the world and the highest official caseload on the African continent,” the paper claimed on 19 August 2020.

Did the Times get its numbers right? Africa Check took a look at the data.

South Africa ranked fifth for case numbers

The scale of a disease – like Covid-19 – can be measured in a number of ways.

The first is the total number of cases recorded in a country. On this measure, the New York Times was correct that South Africa had “more than 592,144 coronavirus cases”. This is reflected in the country’s official statistics. It had the fifth highest number of cases in the world at the time the article was published.

It also had the highest number of reported cases in Africa, with more than half of Africa’s million or so cases.

According to a team of global health scientists and infection preventionists at the Meedan Digital Health Lab, the numbers of cases in a country can provide an “important snapshot to understand the impact of the virus, but it is not a very good measure of a population’s risk of contracting the virus”. The public health information hub works to explain complex health and medical science.

Infection rates allow countries to be compared

But the New York Times was wrong to claim that South Africa had the “fifth-highest infection rate in the world”.

Dr Evanson Sambala, a research fellow at the Wits University School of Public Health, told Africa Check that an infection rate is the “number of new cases per population at risk in a given time period”. He said the measure allows comparisons between countries by taking population into account.

For example, when two countries have the same number of infections, the country with the smaller population will have a higher infection rate.

The Meedan Digital Health Lab says this measure helps us understand “how likely a person in a population is to get infected”.

South Africa ranked 17th (or 20th)

The New York Times linked its claim about South Africa’s infection rate to its global Covid-19 dashboard. This allows users to view a list of countries ordered by both the total number of cases and the number of cases per 100,000 people. This second number is the country’s infection rate.

South Africa’s infection rate was 17th in the world on the day that the article was published. It had 1,032 cases of Covid-19 for each 100,000 people. Panama, a country in Central America, was ranked fifth with 2,005 cases per 100,000 people.

The World Health Organization’s dashboard includes a number of territories that the New York Times does not. It ranked South Africa’s infection rate per million people at 20th in the world on 19 August.

Top 10 Covid-19 infection rates and South Africa

These are the 10 countries or territories which had the highest Covid-19 infection rates on 19 August 2020, according to the World Health Organisation. South Africa, ranked 20th, is included for comparison.

*Territory not counted by New York Times. Table: africacheck.org | @africacheck Source: World Health Organisation (WHO) Get the data Created with Datawrapper

Infection rate likely to be higher than reported

Sambala said South Africa’s infection rate was likely higher than reported because only cases confirmed by a test are recorded. This was also true of other countries, he said.

The team from the Meedan Digital Health Lab told Africa Check that a country’s true level of infection would likely remain unclear until there was routine testing that included people without symptoms.

Conclusion: South Africa is fifth for total cases – not infection rate

The New York Times claimed that South Africa had the fifth-highest Covid-19 infection rate in the world. This is incorrect.

South Africa was ranked fifth for its total number of cases. But it was ranked far lower for its infection rate.

At the time the article was published, South Africa was ranked 17th according to the New York Times’ Covid-19 dashboard. The World Health Organization, which includes more territories, ranked it 20th.

Africa Check contacted the New York Times about the error. It has since been corrected.

This report was written by Africa Check, a non-partisan fact-checking organisation. View the original piece on their website

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