PROSTATE cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men worldwide.
It is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in men, with significant variations in incidence rates globally.
In developed countries, it is often diagnosed due to widespread screening practices, while in developing regions, the incidence may be underreported due to limited access to healthcare. It is estimated that about one in eight men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime.
Factors affecting risk of prostate cancer
1. Age: The risk increases significantly after the age of 50.
2. Family history: Men with a family history of prostate cancer, especially in a father or brother, are at higher risk.
3. Race: Global research indicates that black men are at higher risk and tend to develop more aggressive forms of prostate cancer compared to men of other racial groups.
4. Genetics: Certain inherited genetic mutations can increase the risk.
5. Lifestyle factors: Diets high in red meat and dairy products, and low in fruits and vegetables may increase risk, though this link is still being studied.
Diagnostic tests
1. Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) test: A blood test measuring PSA levels, which can be elevated in men with prostate cancer.
2. Digital Rectal Exam (DRE): A physical examination where a doctor feels the prostate through the rectum to detect abnormalities.
3. Biopsy: If PSA levels are high or DRE results are abnormal, a biopsy is performed to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
4. Imaging tests: MRI, CT scans, or bone scans may be used to determine the extent of cancer spread.
The prognosis for prostate cancer varies depending on the stage at diagnosis, the patient’s age, overall health, and how well the cancer responds to treatment. Generally, prostate cancer detected early has a high survival rate. The five-year survival rate for localised prostate cancer is nearly 100%, but this rate decreases if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Treatment options
1. Active surveillance: Monitoring the cancer closely with regular PSA tests and biopsies, recommended for low-risk, slow-growing cancers.
2. Surgery: Removal of the prostate (prostatectomy) is an option for localised cancer.
3. Radiation therapy: Using high-energy rays to kill cancer cells, either externally or by placing radioactive seeds inside the prostate.
4. Hormone therapy: Reducing testosterone levels to slow the growth of cancer cells.
5. Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill rapidly growing cancer cells, typically used for advanced cancer.
6. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy: Newer treatments that specifically target cancer cells or boost the immune system to fight cancer.
Prostate cancer is a significant health concern for men, particularly as they age. Awareness of predisposing factors, regular screening, and understanding the range of treatment options available can greatly impact outcomes. Early detection remains key to the successful treatment and management of prostate cancer, highlighting the importance of regular medical check-ups and discussions with healthcare providers.
