Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers globally, yet it is also one of the most preventable. It often begins as small, harmless growths, called polyps, in the colon or rectum. If left unchecked, these can become cancerous over time.
Dr Mpho Ramabulana, a colorectal surgeon and gastroenterologist at Netcare Hospital, stresses the life-saving power of early detection. “We’ve observed a 90% survival rate in people who are diagnosed at an early stage, highlighting the immense potential of regular screenings to turn the tide in this battle,” he says.
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While colorectal cancer used to mainly affect older people, doctors are now seeing a rise in younger patients. Ramabulana notes: “This shift necessitates heightened awareness and vigilance in monitoring symptoms.”
The disease can affect anyone, but risk factors vary. About 60% of cases are linked to lifestyle choices, such as diet and lack of exercise. The remaining cases are often due to family history or inherited genetic conditions. Conditions like obesity and type 2 diabetes also raise the risk.
It’s important to know the signs that may suggest something is wrong:
• Ongoing changes in bowel habits (like constipation or diarrhoea),
• Unexplained weight loss,
• Ongoing stomach pain, or
• Anaemia without a known cause.
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People with long-term gut conditions, like ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are at even greater risk. “Regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, are essential for those with a long history of such conditions,” Ramabulana advises.
A colonoscopy is the most effective way to catch the disease early. It is a short, safe procedure done while you’re sedated, so you’ll feel relaxed and probably won’t remember it. “The benefits far outweigh the minimal risks,” says Ramabulana.
During the colonoscopy, you will be given a sedative to help you relax, then a thin, flexible tube with a tiny camera, called a colonoscope, will be gently inserted into your rectum. The doctor will guide the tube through your colon to look for growths or polyps. If polyps are found, they can be removed right away. The whole process usually takes between 30 minutes to an hour.
Good preparation is key for a successful colonoscopy. Here’s what you need to do:
• A few days before, switch to a special diet. The day before the procedure, only drink clear liquids like water, clear juice, or broth.
• You’ll be given a drink to clean out your bowels the day before.
• Your doctor may ask you to stop or change some medicines, especially those that affect blood or digestion.
• You will need someone to drive you home because of the sedation.
Virtual colonoscopies are less invasive and use scans to look inside the colon. “Though promising, any abnormalities found still require confirmation through a traditional colonoscopy,” explains Ramabulana.
The best defence is prevention. Here are some lifestyle tips:
• Eat more fibre-rich foods, like fruits and vegetables,
• Cut down on red meat and low-fibre meals,
• Avoid smoking and alcohol, and
• Exercise regularly to maintain a healthy weight.
“By raising awareness and focusing on early detection, individuals can take proactive steps to prevent and combat colorectal cancer effectively,” Ramabulana says. “Informed choices and timely medical intervention can dramatically improve outcomes. Armed with knowledge and awareness, you hold the power to not only reduce the risks but also change the course of this preventable disease.”
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