Snake antivenom shortage: Hartbeespoort snake park can help

South Africa is currently grappling with a health crisis, as a scramble for snake antivenom continues. The African Snakebite Institute revealed this week that, since the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, South African Vaccine Producers (SAVP) has faced ongoing production issues. In recent years, this has resulted in multiple instances where antivenom supplies have run critically low.

Veterinarians are particularly struggling to source antivenom, and numerous animals have died from untreated snakebites. “The current situation is dire, with SAVP reportedly having no stock, and nothing is being produced. Unfortunately, it’s difficult to obtain clear information from SAVP, but in a recent email, they confirmed they are unable to supply antivenom at present,” said Ashley Kemp of the African Snakebite Institute.

Kemp noted that although some major hospitals in high-risk areas carry antivenom, stock levels are often insufficient. For serious snakebites, an initial dose requires six-12 vials of polyvalent antivenom, with additional doses sometimes needed.

An alternative antivenom, Pan African Premium, is currently being imported under Section 21 of the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority. “It appears to be a good alternative,” Kemp explained. “However, it costs about the same as SAVP’s polyvalent antivenom but requires twice the dosage, effectively doubling the price. Additionally, the purchase process involves extensive paperwork.”

The Hartbeespoort Snake and Animal Park, however, has sufficient stock of an alternative antivenom and can supply hospitals and veterinarians on request. “We always have antivenom that covers 24 snake species. The public, doctors, and veterinarians are welcome to contact us,” said Jason Seale of the park.

Kemp emphasised that snakes are not typically aggressive, only biting in desperation, such as when stepped on, cornered, or threatened. “They are quick to flee when given a chance, but many will bite if they feel endangered. The Mozambique Spitting Cobra is an exception. It often finds its way into homes while hunting at night and has been known to bite people in their sleep. While its venom is potently cytotoxic, fatal bites are rare, but the resulting tissue damage can be severe,” she said.

Kemp advised that if anyone encounters a snake, they should keep children and pets away and call a snake remover immediately. There are over 800 snake removers nationwide, and the free ASI Snakes App can help locate the nearest one (https://bit.ly/snakebiteapp).

In the event of a snakebite, it is crucial to get the victim to the nearest hospital emergency room. The Hartbeespoort Snake and Animal Park can be contacted on 012 253 1162, and the African Snakebite Institute on 073 186 9176.